From jungle rubber to Rubber Agroforestry Systems

Acknowledgments

Foreword

Introduction

Éric Penot, Joseph Adelegan, Lekshmi Nair, Hugo Lehoux, Adrien Perroches, Lucie Poline, Jerôme Sainte-Beuve

Rubber in the world

The concept of agroforestry and agroforestry systems

Chapter 1. Definition and history of RAS

Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Pascal Montoro, Wilfried Shueller

Rubber in Southeast Asia from 1900 to 2023

The development of clonal rubber-based agroforestry plantations: a new challenge

Chapter 2. Rationale for RAS and impact of agroforestry systems

Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Gede Wibawa, Karine Trouillard, Elok Mulyoutami, Ilahang, Diah Wulandari, Laxman Joshi, Stephanie Diaz Novellon, Isabelle Michel, Aude Simien, Laetitia Stroesser, Vichot Jongrungrot, Somiot Thungwa, Didier Snoeck, Uraiwan Tongkaemkaew, Marion Theriez, Phillipe Courbet

The need for improved rubber agroforestry systems (RAS)

Main results of RAS

Farmers in West Kalimantan and RAS

Diversification of perennial crops to offset market uncertainties in West Kalimantan

RAS case studies in southern Thailand

Rubber versus other alternatives: what role for RAS?

Changes in RAS patterns in West Kalimantan from 1994 to 2019

Chapter 3. RAS in the rubber world: current agroforestry practices in various countries

Éric Penot, Noé Biatry

Origin and development of RAS

The key impact of shade

The situation in South and South East Asia

The situation in Africa

The situation in South and Central America

Double-spacing systems: an alternative system for full-sun species associated with rubber

Timber species

Conclusion

Chapter 4. Expectations of RAS, impacts and contribution to current’s main challenges in 2024

Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Alexis Thoumazeau, Phillipe Thaler

Agroforest cropping systems provide miscellaneous goods and services

Impact on soils

Adaptation to climate change

Environmental concerns and externalities

Interest of certification

Rubber and oil palm.

Conclusion

Conclusion and perspectives for the future

Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Stéphane Boulakia

Markets trigger agroforestry: the importance of understanding how income is generated in agroforestry

Rubber production and sustainability

A new political environment that accounts for environmental concerns

Some innovative systems for the future

The final word

Bibliography

Various sources of information

List of abbreviations

Appendices

List of authors